Huge 410-million-year-old fossil reveals unique life form no longer found on Earth

An ancient 410-million-year-old fossil of a giant prehistoric organism that reveals an "entirely extinct evolutionary branch of life" will be displayed at the National Museum of Scotland (NMS).

The fossil of Prototaxites was discovered in the Rhynie chert, a sedimentary deposit near Rhynie, Aberdeenshire and joins the NMS collections in Edinburgh

An artist's impression of what Prototaxites could have looked likeMatt Hunpage/PA

The organism itself would've towered over plants and animals as it grew to more than eight metres tall and disappeared 360 million years ago.

At first, experts thought Prototaxites was a fungus, but now the consensus is that it was not a plant or fungus.

Neil Hanna/PA

In fact, Prototaxites is believed to be a unique life form no longer found on Earth, according to a new paper in Science Advances.

What have the researchers said?

Dr Sandy Hetherington, co-lead author and research associate at National Museums Scotland, and senior lecturer in biological sciences at the University of Edinburgh, said: “It’s really exciting to make a major step forward in the debate over prototaxites, which has been going on for around 165 years.

“They are life, but not as we now know it, displaying anatomical and chemical characteristics distinct from fungal or plant life, and therefore belonging to an entirely extinct evolutionary branch of life.

(L-R) Researchers Sandy Hetherington, Corentin Loron and Laura Cooper at the National Museums Collection Centre with sample fossils of the species Prototaxites.

“Even from a site as loaded with palaeontological significance as Rhynie, these are remarkable specimens and it’s great to add them to the national collection in the wake of this exciting research.”

Meanwhile, co-lead and first author, Dr Corentin Loron, from the UK centre for Astrobiology at the university, said: “The Rhynie chert is incredible. It is one of the world’s oldest, fossilised, terrestrial ecosystems and because of the quality of preservation and the diversity of its organisms, we can pioneer novel approaches such as machine learning on fossil molecular data.

“There is a lot of other material from the Rhynie chert already in museum collections for comparative studies, which can add important context to scientific results.”

Co-first author Laura Cooper, a PhD student from the Institute of molecular plant sciences at the university, explained: “Our study, combining analysing the chemistry and anatomy of this fossil, demonstrates that prototaxites cannot be placed within the fungal group

“As previous researchers have excluded prototaxites from other groups of large complex life, we concluded that prototaxites belonged to a separate and now entirely extinct lineage of complex life.

“Prototaxites, therefore, represents an independent experiment that life made in building large, complex organisms, which we can only know about through exceptionally preserved fossils.”

What has the NMS said?

“We’re delighted to add these new specimens to our ever-growing natural science collections which document Scotland’s extraordinary place in the story of our natural world over billions of years to the present day," said Dr Nick Fraser, keeper of natural sciences at National Museums Scotland.

“This study shows the value of museum collections in cutting-edge research as specimens collected over time are, cared for and made available for study for direct comparison or through the use of new technologies.”

Elsewhere from Indy100, Scientists discover unknown species hidden in the world's longest cave, and Discovery of 15-million-year old fossil uncovers secrets of the past.

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